- The process of obtaining information for making decisions about students, curricula, and educational policy refers to
- The various tools used by the instructor to gather the information are observation, paper-and-pencil tests, performance, home assignments, project work, etc.
- Decisions that can be taken about students include:
- managing classroom instruction;
- placing students into different types of educational programs;
- assigning students to appropriate categories;
- guiding and counseling students;
- selecting students for educational opportunities;
- credentialing and certifying their competence.
- A series of questions given to a learner to answer is a test, we focus on measurement.
- The two types of objective test are supply and selection.
- The supply test is grouped into short answer type and fill in the gap.
- The selection test is grouped into three – multiple choice test, matching test and true/false test.
- The two types of multiple test are – best answer type and multiple answer type.
- The correct alternative in a multiple choice is called key/key alternative.
- The statement that introduces the problem in a multiple choice test is called stem
- The method of estimating the reliability which gives a measure of stability over a period of time is test-retest reliability.
- Which part of the matching-test item should present a problem to be solved? Premises
- Which type of reliability estimate is important for a teacher who wants to measure the internal consistency of a test test-retest.
- The process of assigning a number to a specified characteristics of a person in such a way that the numbers describe the degree to which the person possesses the attribute is termed as measurement. The main trust of measurement is the quantification of attributes.
- The steps in measurement are; set the learning objectives, decide on type of test to be used, and prepare the scoring key.
- The highest scale of measurement is ratio while the lowest nominal/categorical.
- Assessment for learning is diagnostic or formative which seeks to bring out the weaknesses in the learner, and brings improvement.
- Assessment of learning is summative – grading, certification and promotion
- Assessment as learning allows the student to assess himself and reflects on his strength and need.
- In bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain, bringing together parts to form a new whole can best be put under synthesis level.
- The best item format used to assess analysis types of learning objective is essay item.
- A general instructional objective that emphasizes developing attention to classroom activities belongs to the affective domain
- Instructional outcomes that aim at inculcating in student’s movement abilities is concerned with the psychomotor domain.
- Which category of the affective domain is concerned with the student’s ability to appreciate the role of science? Valuing
- An incorrect response serving as possible logical alternative in a multiple-choice test is a foil/distracter=
- The test type basically used to measure whether a student has or has not attained a specified level of standard refers to criterion reference test.
- This type of scale measurement, awarding a score of zero, means a total absence of the attribute being measured is ratio scale.
You were the best student in English at the 2014 BECE, is a norm reference interpretation.
- Using nature as a criterion, list the two types of test – oral test and performance test.
- Using purpose as a criterion, an example of test is diagnostic test
- Using uses as a criterion, an example of test is norm reference test
- Three factors to consider when selecting a format for test are consider the purpose of the test, material available must be considered and the number of students to take the test must be considered
- List any three guidelines to follow when constructing matching-type test item: no perfect matching should be expected, both the premises and responses should be homogenous, the longer words should represent premises while the shorter words represent responses.
- State two benefits of the table of specification – to avoid overlapping, to enable the teacher to cover all the content areas.
- Considering the Bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain, which level is appropriate to place an item requires the testee to write his own poem? Synthesis
- The type of evaluation which describes the extent to which a properly implemented programme or procedure has attained its stated goals and objectives is the summative evaluation
- John has not mastered the skill of division in mathematics using the repeated subtraction is a criterion reference interpretation.
- In practising continuous assessment, one needs to employ different assessment to gather information to provide for the assessment of the total personality of the student. This makes continuous assessment comprehensive.
- It is a test used to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the testees – diagnostic test
- The two types of multiple-choice item are single best response and multiple response.
- The two types of essay-test type test item are restricted response type and extended response type.
- The appropriateness of the interpretation and use of assessment results is referred to as validity.
- The process of collecting, summarising, and using information from students’ responses to make decisions about each test is termed as assessment test.
- The type of evaluation which involves obtaining evidence to guide in improving the instructional process in the classroom is the formative evaluation.
- The soundness of the interpretation and uses of students’ assessment results is referred to as test validity
The principal stages involved in classroom testing are define the purpose of the test, determine the item format to use, determine what is to be tested, write the individual items, review the items, prepare your scoring key, write instruction, evaluate the test
- Name the three categories of validity evidence – content related, criterion related and construct related.
- In the measurement scale, arbitrary zero, is associated with interval scale.
- The measurement scale type which is commonly used is the interval scale
- In ratio scale, zero means complete absence, and the four operations are used.
- The type of measurement scale which is used for categorization and identification is nominal scale. (It has no quantitative nor qualitative value)
- In Ghana, most tests conducted on students are achievement test.
- A process for obtaining information that is used for making decisions about educational policy is assessment.
- In testing our students, the scale of measurement we use is interval scale
- Mrs. Mensah observed her students during a science laboratory session to determine how effectively students can carry out experiments. Mrs. Mensah assessed her students’ performance.
- Evaluation may or may not be based on measurements
- Jane’s performance in the end of semester examination was very good. This statement illustrates evaluation.
- A teacher gave a mid-semester quiz to students and used it to grade them. This mid-semester quiz served as both summative and formative evaluation.
- Identify five purposes of assessment in Education:
- planning and organizing student instruction;
- managing instruction (including feedback to the teacher and pupil);
- motivating students;
- grading students;
- providing guidance to students;
- Selecting and placing students;
- and classifying students.
- For feedback to students to be most effective, the teacher should ensure that students are provided with scores promptly.
- General principles of assessment are:
- State what is to be assessed.
- Select an assessment method which is most relevant to the characteristics to be assessed.
- Use a variety of procedures to obtain comprehensive information on the student.
- Be aware of the limitations of the assessment procedure you may used.
- Use assessment procedure that gives feedback to the learner.
- The most important criterion for selecting an assessment procedure to be used is the relevance of the procedure to the characteristics being measured.
- Why is it necessary for the teacher to specify what he/she wants to assess? To ensure the selection of appropriate procedures
- One principle of assessment that underlies the introduction of continuous assessment is ensuring that a more comprehensive information is obtained on the student.
- One of the general principles of assessment is that good assessments are provided by multiple indicators of performance.
- The needs of the society are reflected in the educational goals.
- The general products of learning are known educational outcomes.
- Taxonomy means the same as classification
- The hierarchy of Bloom’s taxonomy is
- Knowledge- recall of specific information: rearrange, define, list, label, name etc.
- Comprehension- lowest level of understanding: explain, describe, translate, summarize, paraphrase, convert, differentiate.
- Application- application of a rule/principle: apply, change, compute, construct, dramatize, interpret, modify, produce, sketch etc.
- Analysis- break an idea into component part and describe the relationship: analyse, criticise, examine, compare, contrast, break down etc.
- Synthesis- put parts together to form a new whole like the writing of a poem: combine, categorize, rewrite, create, compose, invent, design, devise etc.
- Evaluate- make judgements about materials and methods: assess, criticise, rank, defend, recommend, evaluate, reargue, appraise.
- One of the important teaching uses for taxonomies of thinking skills is to divide up cognitive thinking into small, teachable units.
- Who is the odd one? (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Quellmalz, Hill, Krathwohl)
- Which category of thinking skills is not included in Quellmalz’s taxonomy? Comprehension
- In learning, where specific evidence or details are obtained and used to generalise, we call it inductive reasoning.
- A formal argument made up of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion is referred to as syllogism. “All birds have feathers, penguins are birds, therefore penguins are birds” is an example of syllogism.
- Which category of learning outcomes of Quellmalz’s taxonomy includes knowledge and comprehension? Recall
- With regard to Bloom’s taxonomy of learning objectives, the statement “The student will be able to distinguish between evaluation and measurement” is an example of analysis.
Quellmalz’s Taxonomy | Bloom’s Taxonomy |
Recall | Knowledge & Comprehension |
Analysis | Analysis |
Comprehension | ———————————— |
Inference | Application & Synthesis |
Evaluation | Synthesis & Evaluation |
Validity of assessment refers to interpretation and use of the assessment results.
- What will you do to validate your classroom test results? Look for evidence for the proposed interpretation and uses of the results.
- Validity of assessment results depend on evidence that supports the uses of inner relation to which you put assessment results and their interpretation.
- Assessment results may have high, moderate or low validity for a situation depicts the nature of validity.
- A table of specification gives indication on content areas and the thinking skills in a test.
- Evidence that a general science test adequately samples a specific area of the general science curriculum is called content-related evidence.
- An English Language teacher in a JHS gave a verbal aptitude test to 50 students. Later the teacher compared these scores to their grades at the end of first term of the following year. Which type of validity evidence does this illustrate? Criterion-related evidence.
- When constructing her test items for the end-of-term exam in mathematics, Ms Mensah checked each item to see if it matched the material that she taught the class. What type of evidence was Ms Mensah looking for? Content-related evidence.
- A test is a systematic procedure for observing and describing one or more characteristics of student using a numerical scale or classification scheme.
- Numerical scale is by using number to assess pupils.
- Classification scheme is by using ‘good’, ‘very good’, ‘average’, etc asses pupils.
- A daily process by which information are gathered about students’ progress in achieving the curriculum’s learning target is a continuous assessment.
- Formative continuous assessment is used daily lesson and how well your day’s lesson is going.
- Summative continuous assessment is where major learning targets are reported using grades.
- Characteristics of continuous assessment are
- Cumulative – is based on all the scores obtained in all measurements throughout the year or term.
- Comprehensive – assessment of the total personality of the student.
- Diagnostic – continual monitoring of a student’s performance/achievement, weakness and strength, difficulty and problems.
- Formative – get immediate and constant feedback on a student’s performance for remediation.
- guidance-oriented – directed and motivated in his learning.
- Systematic – assessment is not spontaneous.
- Strengths of continuous assessment are
- Provides excellent picture of a student’s performance over a period of time.
- Enables all to actively and more meaningfully get involved in the assessment of students throughout the teaching and learning.
- Caters for the domains in the taxonomy of educational objectives, and make him a balanced person.
- Helps reduce fear and anxiety about failure among students
- Encourages students to work assiduously through since everything counts.
- 90. Weaknesses of continuous assessment are
- Increase in the workload of the teacher
- Inadequate knowledge in the test construction affects the process
- Inadequate of materials and equipment
- Inadequate supervision
- Problem of record.
- Role of teachers in the practice of C.A.
- Assess all areas of the students
- Break the programme into smaller, specific units.
- Assess learning outcomes and performances after every instruction.
- Formulate measurable specific attainable instructional objectives.
- Provide remedial tuition when necessary
- Constant evaluation is needed
- Provide constant feedback